Home Product / Techniques Characteristics of Various Plastic Materials

What are the different types of plastic materials? Generally, plastics can be split into 2 categories, thermoplastic and thermosetting. Under ambient temperature, thermoplastic is in granular type and when heated to certain temperature, it will become molten and when cool down, it will be solidified to a form. If heat again, it will become molten again for next plastering. Hence, thermoplastics can be molded through heating to molten and repeated solidification. So there is so called secondary material. On the other hand, thermosetting plastic is solidified when heated to a certain temperature, and even heat up again, the status will not change again. So, thermosetting plastics cannot be heated to repeat the molding. Therefore, thermosetting waste material is normally unable to recycle. The categorization is shown as the following figure. Abbreviation: UP (Unsaturated Polyester), EP (Epoxy Resin), PF (Phenol Resin), MF (Melamine Resin), UF (Urea Resin), SI (Silicone Resin), PI(Polyimide), PU (Polyurethane), PABM(Polyamidebismaleimide), BT (Bismaleimide-triazine), DAP (Polyarylphthalate).

What are the characteristics of plastic materials? The following are the characteristics of frequently used plastic materials, listed down for reference. Name of Material Full Name Characteristics ABS Acrylonitrile - Butadene - Styrene Of ethylene group, common material, easy to mold Good fluidity, chemical plating property and heat resistance. Product property stable Easy to form soldering line at gate on the outer appearance. Milky white, semi-transparent. Better impact resistance than PS. Changing the ratio among the polymerizing element, there will be many ABS of different property. It is the best among universal plastic in mechanical strength and heat resistance. Good in surface gloss, surface coating and electroplating property. Has humid absorption ability and the base color is yellow. Generally the product has to be dyed. AS(SAN) Styrene-Acrylonitrile Of ethylene group, common material, easy to mold. Good Fluidity, molding property, high molding rate. Likely to have molding crack. Easy to occur burr. BT Bismaleimide Triazine Good heat resistance, good adhesion to mold plate. Can satisfy circuit board for high speed transmission. Can prevent electricity leakage. CA Cellulose Acetate Good fluidity and molding property. Smooth and good surface, good dimensional accuracy, easy to dye. Transparent, flexible and good working property. CE Cyanate Ester The dielectric constant of pure cyanate ester is at 2.8. With different reinforce fiber can produce substrate of different dielectric constant, and when reinforced with quartz fiber, the dielectric constant can be as low as 3.1. EP Epoxy Resin Good adhesion to metal, good medicine resistance. High mechanical strength, good insulation. Conventional epoxy resin is call functional epoxy resin, when on fire, it can burn continuously, till the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are exhausted. ETFE Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene One of thermosetting fluorous resins. Good electric characteristic with very low dielectric constant. Good heat resistance. Combustion resistance: Oxygen Index 95%, UL94, V-0, is a combusting resistant stable substance can be used in different purposes. Excellent chemical resistance: almost not reactive with all chemicals. High mechanical strength. Low friction and low viscosity. Excellent weather resistance; free of wear and deformation even under direct exposure to sunlight, rain or waste gas. No change in characteristics when exposed outdoor for long time. Medical resistance. Add GF and CF can increase the vibration property. High shrinkage. FR-PET Polybutylene Terephthalate Good electric characteristic, good weather resistance and good machinability. Low Creep. Good heat resistance. Fast crystallization, good molding property and fluidity. Low water absorption, good dimensional stability. Good surface gloss and coloring property. Resisting organic solvent, oil and low acid. Heat resistance better than FR-PBT. MF Melamine Fomraldehyde Same as UF, but high in water resistance and surface hardness. Corrosion resistance, colorless, easy to color. M-PPE M-PPE Good working stability. Good machinability. Good heat and water resistance. Has spontaneous combustion property. Good electric characteristic. Low molding shrinkage. Poor chemical resistance. LCP Type I Liquid Crystal Polymer Type I Highest in heat resistance. Good medical resistance, good dimensional stability and self-lube. When place in high concentration, the bending strength will deteriorate. High heterogeneity, needs high temperature to mold. High cost. LCP Type II Liquid Crystal Polymer Type II Good medicine resistance, high fluidity and good in vibration absorption and mechanical strength. Low longitudinal expansion coefficient. Poor bending strength. Strength is affected by thickness. Grade not filled is easy to have surface scaling. LCP Type III Liquid Crystal Polymer Type III Good medicine resistance, high fluidity and good vibration absorption and molding property. Poor bending strength. PA Polyamide (Nylon) Low solution viscosity, good fluidity. Poor shrinkage stability, easy to form side trim. High hardness outside of melting temperature, likely to damage mold and screw. Viscosity is highly sensitive to heating temperature. It is also a resin of high humidity absorption. Good fluidity at high temperature, hard to melt but easy to cold coagulation. Tough, self-lube, but abrasion resisting, high vibration absorption, good heat resistance, cold resistance and medicine resistance. Good mechanical strength, good reinforcing effect with fiberglass, good gas shielding effect and humidity absorption. Insufficient low temperature impact resistance. After absorbing humidity, high dimension and Property change. Poor dimensional stability. PAI Polymide Imide High mechanical strength, high hardness Difficult to b urn, UL94VO, good weather resistance Good in both chemical resistance and hot water Good electric characteristics, easy to mold, good dimensional stability. Good heat resistance, excellent in creep resistance. Low elastic coefficient change under 260°C. Poor molding property, fluidity, alkali resistance and moisture absorption. High price. PAR Polyarylate, U-Polymer Good mechanical property, colorless, transparent (without filling). Heat resisting, and HDT both above 150°C, impact enduring at low temperature. Hard to burn, chlorine index 36.8,UL94VO. Good weather resistance, UL resistance and electric characteristics. High impact resistance, low thickness reliance. Good high temp creeping. Good solvent resistance, poor acid / alkali resistance and fluidity. PBT Polybothlene Terephthalate Good molding property and weather resistance, good heat resistance, thermal aging property, electric characteristic, fatigue resistance, abrasion resistance, hot water resistance and chemical resistance. Same as PET is saturated polyester with high melting point, fast Crystallization, fast in solidification. Poor impact resistance. PC Polycarbonate High molten viscosity, need high pressure and high temperature to mold. With residual stress easy to break. Due higher hardness, easy to damage mold. Waste exists during molding. Transparent, tough, good low temp stability. Good weather resistance, photo resistance, impact resistance, heat resistance and creep resistance. Good machinability in high and low temp. PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoethylene High viscosity in melting state, need high pressure to mold. Easy to change color. PDAP or DAP Polydially Phthalate or Polyarylphthalate High strength, good in insulation, chemical resistance and heat resistance. Good dimensional stability, good abrasion resistance when wet. Can be mold at low temperature. PE Polyethylene High shrinkage, easy to bend and deform. Need cooling time, poor molding yield. Sink will occur to product, need forceful mold releasing. Molding shrinkage is highly affected by mold temperature. Poor stability. Good fluidity, good heat stability, but molecular orientation lead to distortion. Lighter than water, soft. Not heat resistance, adhesive printing. Good chemical resistance, water resistance and electric characteristic. PEEK Polyether Ether Ketone Heat resistance stability good. Super heat resistance (better than PPS), HDT above 315°C, UL continuous use temperature is 250°C. Machinability such as impact resistance, abrasion resistance. Creep resistance, fatigue resistance are al good. Good chemical resistance (except high concentration sulphuric acid) best in hot water resistance (better than PPS,PES). γ-ray resisting, difficult to burn, good for extruding molding. Excellent in electric characteristic under high temperature and high humidity. Least in smog, radiation resistance. High price, need high temp to mold, poor fluidity. Toughness, strength and rigidity are all good. Good burning resistance, not burning resisting additive needed. Poor working property. PEI Polyetherimide Used in injection molding has highest tensile strength. Best in creep resistance(Ambient to 150°C). Hard to burn, UL94VO, oxygen consumption index 42. Abrasion resistance, heat resistance, oil resistance and chemical resistance are all good. Good in burning resistance and weather resistance, less smog, good transparency (without filling) . Under 150°C elastic coefficient change small. Need high temp to mold, poor fluidity, alkali resistance and moisture absorption. PES/PESF Polyether Sulfone Good mechanical strength between -100 - 170°C, heat resistance. Good dimensional stability and transparency(without filling ). Good resistance to high temp steam and hot water and acid and alkali. High oxygen consumption index (UL94V0), hard to burn. Good electric characteristics. Less smog. Good high temp creep. Under 180°C, less elastic coefficient change. Poor solvent resistance and weather resistance, needs high temp to mold. PF Phenofic High mechanical strength, good insulation, burning resistance, water resistance, acid resistance, oil resistance and stability are all good. Dark color not alkali resisting, easy to change color. Limited coloring property. PFA Tetrafluoroethylene- Perfluoroalkoxyethylene One of thermoplastic resins. Good electric characteristics, excellent insulating material with very low dielectric constant and very low dielectric dissipation factor. Heat resistance: Wide range temperature range(-200°C to +280°C). Combustion resistance: Oxygen Index 95%, is a combustion resistant, stable material and suitable for various usage. Excellent chemical resistance, almost no inactive to all chemicals. High mechanical strength. Low surface energy; low friction, low, non- viscosity and high splash feature to water and oil and can in crease material reliability. Excellent weather resistance: free of wear or deformation under direct exposure to sunlight, rainfall and waste gas, no change in characteristic when exposed outdoor for long time. Good chemical resistance, low friction coefficient, not adhesive. Poor in molding, high shrinkage, high price. PI Polyimide Highest in heat resistance. Abrasion resistance, creep resistance and good in radiation resistance. Good chemical resistance, not resistant to acute acid. Difficult to injection and extrusion. Under 240°C little change in elastic coefficient. Good chemical resistance(except high concentration nitrate acid). Poor in molding property and moisture absorption. High crystallization temperature. Little change in dimension, heat expansion in E and Y-axis, can avoid worsening of copper foil adhesion due to heating to tiny circuit. Z-axis heat expansion small, can avoid break of copper plating in holes of multiple layer PCB. PMMA Polymethyl Methacrylate High toughness, colorless, transparent. Good in optical, insulation, molding and weather resisting properties. POM Polyfounoldehyde ResinPolyox Mothylene Resin Aka plastic steel, easy to have heat decomposition, good chemical and creep resistance. Excellent abrasion resistance, self-lube, tough, good endurance, good heat and chemical resistance. Good machinability, resisting impact. Not spontaneous combustible, poor in acid resistance, high shrinkage in molding. Like nylon, wearing resistance like PC. high machinability, elasticity restoration excellent, rather poor in heat stability, high sp. Gravity. (1.41) PP Polypropylene Resin Low fluidity, flow mark appears if filling were poor, when pressure is not enough, easy to have dent, need high-pressure molding. In optical use, transparency is a problem, when mixing with other material; care shall be given to decomposition. Excellent in molding property, mechanical strength is better than PE. Good water, chemical resistance and electrical insulation. Easy to distort, deform and dent. Adhesive, the lightest plastic. Low Sp. Gravity (about 0.90), FDA grade, good, transparency, not moisture absorption, low price, heat resistance and normal mechanical strength are poor, low foaming percentage, poor for printing. PPO Polyphenylene Oxide Good in electric characteristic, hot water resistance and combustion resistance. Poor chemical resistance and molding property. PPS Polyphenylene Sulfide Ether Good heat and combustion resistance, high HDT, under high temp, mechanical strength still high. Fast crystallization, crystallization ratio is as high as 60 - 65%. Good dimensional stability, good electric characteristics, low molten viscosity, good molding property. Good chemical resistance, (except high concentration nitric acid), similar to TEFLON and no solvent can solve PPS under 200°C. Poor impact, weather resistance, toughness and friction and wearing characteristics. Likely to have burr, machinability is affected by temp. PS Polystyrene Of ethylene family, general plastic resin. Good fluidity, good molding yield and molding property. Easy to break, not good impact resistance. (GPPS) Easy to have trim. Colorless, transparent, easy to be dye, good insulation. Good in water resistance and chemical resistance. PSF Polysulfone Between -100°C - 150°C, good mechanical strength and maintaining electric characteristic. H eat resistance, UL746, HDT are both above 150°C. Good chemical resistance, distinguished in hot water and steam resistance. Under variation in temperature, good electrical characteristics maintain. Under high temperature can resist the corrosion of oxygen and ozone. Non-toxic, FDA and Health specs. Are all met, amberly transparent. Good acid and alkali resistance, good transparency before filling. Poor in solvent resistance, mold releasing and fluidity. PTFE Polyterafluorethylene Electrical insulation good under high and low temperature. High chemical resistance and strength. Good in heat, abrasion resistance and stability. PU or PUR Polyurethane Elastic, tough. Good wearing, heat, oil and aging resistance. Rather not resistant to acid, alkali and hot water. PVA Polyvinyl Alcohol Colorless, transparent elastomer. Good heat resistance. High insulation softening point. PVAC Polyvinyl Acetate Colorless, transparent. Good adhesiveness, and photo-resistance. Poor heat resistance. High water absorption, soluble in most solvent. PVDC Polyvinylindene Chloride Higher chemical resistance than PVC. Good heat resistance. Low thin film permeation. PVC Polyvinly Chloride Poor heat stability, molding and decomposition temperature range are similar. Poor fluidity, poor molding appearance. Corrosive to mold. Most easy to burn and generating acid gas. Good strength, electrical insulation and chemical resistance. Can softened after adding DOP. Poor heat resistance. High sp. Gravity (1.4) has burning resistance; good for printing, different formula has different characteristics. Wide in application range, low price, high impact on environment. Likely to decompose when molding temp is exceeding 190°C and emit corrosive gas of HCI. SP or SI Silicone Plastics Resisting to high and low temp. good insulation. Special surface physical property, good mold releasing, bubble killing and wearing resistance. Sunlight resistant, chemical resisting, non-toxic. TPE (TPR) Thermoplastic Elastomers (Thermoplastic Rubber) Soft, elastic, good touch. Easy to mold, can reuse after recycling. TPU Thermoplastic Polyurethane Excellent machinability and elasticity. Wear resisting, good chemical resistance. Good compatibility with blood and cell tissue. Easy molding. UF Urea Fomraldehyde Colorless, free to color. Similar to PF, but bit poorer, poor in water and weather resistance. UP Unsaturated Polyester Good insulation. High mechanical strength after reinforced with fiberglass. Resisting to heat and chemicals, can be molded under low pressure, water resisting. Burning Test of Plastics Plastics Name Ease To Burn Burning Continues After Removing Flame? Flame Color Outcome of Burning Smell Characteristics of Product PF Burn slowly Extinguished Yellow Expand and break Color getting darker Cider smell, phenolic smell Dark or brown UF Difficult Extinguished Yellow with blue-green in end Expand and break, whitened Urine, formaldehyde smell Colorless or light yellow transparent MF Difficult Extinguished Light Yellow Expand and break, whitened Urine, ammonia and formaldehyde Hard surface, beautiful color & transparent UP Easy Not extinguished Yellow smoke Slightly expand and break Styrene smell Product mostly reinforced with fiberglass PMMA Easy Not extinguished Yellow with blue-green in end Softened Acrylic smell Glass like sound, bendable, most of transparent product. PS Easy Not extinguished Orange- yellow smoke Softened Styrene Metal sound when knocked, mostly of transparent molded products PA Burning slowly Extinguished Yellow top Melt an drop Special smell Elastic, non transparent, abrasion resistant PVC Difficult Extinguished Yellow with green base Softened Chlorine smell Soft PVC like rubber, can be adjusted to different hardness, transparent or non transparent. PP Easy Not extinguished Yellow-blue flame Completed combustion rapidly Diesel smell Milky white, transparent or non transparent, good surface gloss PE Easy Not extinguished Yellow top with green base Melt an drop Petroleum odor, paraffin smell Light milky white, mostly semi transparent or non transparent, paraffin-like solid. ABS Easy Not extinguished Yellow smoke Melt an drop Rubber smell, chilly smell Non transparent, a bit paraffin touch PSF Easy Extinguished Slightly white flame Slightly expand and break Sulfur smell Hard and with cracking sound PC Slightly difficult Extinguished Yellow smoke Softened Special smell Light yellow, transparent or non transparent, impact resistant POM Easy Not extinguished Yellow tip, green base Burn and dip Formalin smell Milky white non transparent, tough CN Very easy Not extinguished Yellow Completed combustion rapidly Special smell Transparent or non transparent CA Easy Not extinguished Dark yellow smoke Burn and dip Special smell Transparent or non transparent

What is engineering plastics? What are their characteristics? Engineering plastic is industrial plastic made to be industrial parts or shell. Their strength, impact resistance, heat resistance, hardness and aging resistance are all good. In Japan, the industries define them as “high performance plastics used as mechanical parts with heat resistance at 100℃ or higher and mainly for industrial use”. Their property include: Thermal Property: High glass transfer temperature (Tg) and melting point (Tm), high temp. Deformation, high long-term use temperature (UL-746B), large use temperature range, low heat expansion coefficient. Mechanical property: high strength, high mechanical mode, low creep, abrasion resisting, fatigue resisting. Others: Good chemical resistance, good electric resistance, combustion resistance, weather resistance and dimensional stability. Those being used as universal plastics include Polycarbonate, PC, Nylon, Polyamide, PA, Polyacetal, Polyoxy Methylene, POM, M-Poly Phenylene Oxide, M-PPE, PETP, PBTP, Polyphenylene Sulfide, PPS, and in thermosetting plastics there are saturated polyester, phenolic plastic and epoxy. They have stretch strength all exceeding 50Mpa and tensile strength over 500kg/cm2, impact resistance exceeding 50J/m, bending elasticity at 24000kg/cm2, load flexible temperature over 100℃. Good hardness and aging property. When PP has the hardness and cold resistance improved, it can be categorized into engineering plastics. Also included are fluorous plastics, which are low strength, good heat resistance and medicine resistance, silicone molten compound of good heat resistance, polyetherimide, polyimid, Polybismaleimide、Polysufone(PSF)、PES、PP Plastic, M-Millitic Amine Plastic, BT Resin、PEEK, PEI, crystalline plastic. Due to difference in chemical structure, medicine resistance, friction characteristics and electric characteristic are different. Due also to the molding property, part of them are suitable for all kinds of molding, and some of them fit only to certain types, which restricted their applicability. Thermosetting engineering plastics are with poor impact resistance, so the normally are added with fiberglass. Other than PC, which has high impact resistance, they normally have low elongation, hard and brittle, but if they are added with 20 – 30 % fiberglass, they can be improved.

What are the crystalline properties of plastics? Plastic is a aggregate of slim, linear polymer compound. The regularity of molecular array is called crystalline, the degree of crystallization, which can be measured with X ray. Organic compound has more complicate construction, and the bonds are various (linear, curl, folding, spiral, etc) and this leads to great change in construction due to molding conditions. Plastics with high crystallization are Crystalline Plastics, and the interaction is high between molecular and become tough plastic. To be crystallized and correct regular array, the volume becomes smaller and the shrinkage and heat expansion rates become larger. Hence, the higher the crystalline is, the poorer the transparency and the higher the strength. Crystalline Plastics has apparent melting point (Tm), at solid state, it is arrayed regularly, the strength is higher and the tensile is better. When melted, there is higher specific volume change and easy to shrink after solidification. The inner stress is less easy to release. The molded product is non-transparent. The heat dissipation during molding is slow. Production with cold mold has large shrinkage rate, but smaller in hot mold production. In contrast, there is Non-Crystalline Plastics. It does not have apparent melting point, and the molecular is not regularly arranged in its solid state. When melted, there is small change in specific volume, and not likely to shrink when solidified. The product has good transparency. The higher the material temperature, the yellowish the gloss is. Heat dissipation is fast during molding. The following is comparison of property of the two different kinds. Property Crystalline Non-Crystalline Sp. Gravity Higher Lower Stretch strength Higher Lower Stretch mode Higher Lower Elongation Lower Higher Impact resistance Lower Higher Highest working temp. Higher Lower Shrinkage and distortion Higher Lower MI Higher Lower Chemical resistance Higher Lower Property Crystalline Non-Crystalline Abrasion resistance Higher Lower Creep resistance Higher Lower Hardness Higher Lower Transparency Lower Higher Effect with additive of fiberglass Higher Lower Dimensional stability Poorer Better Coloring property Harder Easier Heat resistance Higher Lower Foldability Better Poorer Thermoplastics can be categorized into Crystalline and non-Crystalline. Following are few examples: Crystalline Plastics Non-Crystalline Plastics Universal Plastics Polyethylene, PE Polypropylene, PP Polyvinyl Chloride, PVC Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene, ABS Acrylic Resin, PMMA Universal engineering plastics Polyamide, PA-6, PA-66, PA-46, PA-11, PA-12 Polyethylenephthalate, PET Polybutylenephthalate, PBT Polyacetal, Polyoxy Methylene, POM Polycarbonate, PC Special engineering plastics Polyphenylene Sulfide, PPS Liquid Crystal Polymer, LCP Polyether Ether Ketone, PEEK Polytetrafluorcethylene, PTFE Polyoxybenzylene, POB Polyphenylene Sulfide, PES Polysulfone, PSF Polyarylate, U-Polymer, PAR Polyetherimide, PEI Polyamideimide, PAI

What is MI value of plastic materials? The full name of MI is Melt Flow Index, or Melt Index, a value indicating the fluidity of plastic at working. It is established by ASTM adopting the method normally employed by Du Pont is testing characteristics of plastics. The testing method is the weight in gram of plastic material flowing through a round tube of 2.1mm within 10 minutes under certain temperature and pressure (they are different for different type of plastic materials). The higher the value the better the working fluidity of the specific plastic material, or it is poorer. The most frequent test standard is ASTM D 1238. The measuring instrument of this standard is Melt Indexer, with construction of one trough for plastic material; a tube of 2.095mm dia. and 8mm long is fitted to the end of the trough. When heated to a certain temperature, a piston at the top apply certain weight and press down to measure the weight of the material being squeezed out in 10 minutes, which is the MI. Sometimes, it is indicated as 25g / 10min, clearly indicate its MI is 25, and is 25g being squeezed out in 10 min. The MI values of frequent used plastics are ranged between 1 and 25. The higher MI the lower the viscosity and mole weight, and the smaller MI is, the plastic has higher viscosity and large mole weight.

What is Tg of plastic material? Glass transition temperature, Tg, is a kind of Transition temperature. AT Tg, polymer will demonstrate rubber state at higher temperature to hard and brittle glass-like state at lower temperature. Crystalline plastics have apparent Tg and latent heat. A polymer in rubber or glass state is depends on Tg and the temperature in use, so Tg is an important indicator in the use of polymer. The following are Tg of some of plastic materials. Plastic name Tg (°C) Plastic name Tg (°C) PVC (rigid) 80 - 212 Polycarbonate, PC 39 - 150 HDPE -120 PET 79 LDPE -120 PBT 20 Polypropylene, PP -10 to -18 PI 410 Polystyrene, PS 63 - 112 PPS 85 PMMA 100 - 120 PSF 190 ABS 88 - 105 PESF 230 PA 57 PEEK 143 POLYACETAL, POM -50 to -85 U Polymer 190 PEI 217 - 220 PAI 280 Nylon 6 50 - 59 Nylon 6, 6 49 - 261 Nylon 46 78 Polyethylene, PE -120 to -125 Poly (vinyl chloride) 60 - 76 Polysulfone 146 - 273 Polypropylene, PP -10 to -18 ASA 104 HIPS 100 PES 230 SAN 100 PU 120

What is the Tm of plastics? Melting point is called also working temperature and is one of transition temperatures. The following are Tm of some of the plastic materials. Plastic name Tm (°C) Plastic name Tm (°C) HDPE 130 - 135 PET 250 - 265 LDPE 107 - 120 PBT 225 - 230 Polypropylene, PP 165 - 176 POB 450 PA 220 PEEK 334 POLYACETAL, POM 175 - 181 PPS 285 - 290 PTFE 327 Nylon 6 215 - 225 Nylon 46 295 Nylon 11 184 - 187 Polycarbonate, PC 220 Nylon 12 177 - 178 PMMA 160 Nylon 6, 6 225 - 265 PVC (rigid) 212 Nylon 6, 10 213 ACETAL 160 Polyethylene, PE 115 - 176 Nylon 6, 12 210 - 220 Polypropylene, PP 176

What is the "HDT" of Plastics? Heat deflection temperature, HDT, means , under pressure, the highest temperature the plastics maintain profile unchanged. Generally, this is indicated by Short Term Heat Resistance of plastics. When safety factor is taken into consideration, the highest temperature at use shall be 10°C less than HDT. The most frequent used measure is ASTM D648 （apply temperature rise of 2°C/min at the center of a standard of 127×13×3mm, under 455kPa 1820kPa charge, till the deformation rate is 0.25mm）. For non-crystalline plastics, HDT is 10 to 20°C Tg; to crystalline plastics, HDT is close to Tm. Normally, when fiber reinforcement is added, the HDT will rise, because the fiber can greatly increase the mechanical strength of plastics, so the HDT will rise drastically during temperature rise flexibility test. Plastic name HDT 1820kPa (°C) Plastic name HDT 1820kPa (°C) Crystalline Non-Crystalline Polyethylene, PE 29 - 126 PVC 54 - 79 Polypropylene, PP 40 - 152 Polystyrene, PS 63 - 112 PBT 60 - 65 ABS 66 - 107 PET 80 - 100 Acrylic Resin, PMMA 68 - 99 PA-6 63 - 80 PPO 100 - 128 Homopolymer POM 125 - 136 Polycarbonate, PC 39 - 148 Copolymer POM 110 H-PVC 54 - 74 PI 315 - 360 PSF 175 HDPE 43 - 49 PAR 175 MDPE 32 - 41 PES 205 6PA-6, 6 62 - 261 GPPS 96 HDPE 43 HIPS 96 LDPE 32 PS+20~30%GF 103 PA-6-10 57 AS 88 - 104 PA-6-12 60 Poly (vinyl chloride) 60 - 76 PA-11 55 Polysulfone 146 - 273 PA-12 55

What is the shrinkage rate of plastic? What are the shrinkage rates of commonly-used plastics? Shrinkage rate means the deviation in dimensions of the molded , cooled and solidified products from the dimension of original molds measured in percentage, this can be measured per ASTM D955. The shrinkage rate shall be considered firstly at the design of mold, so to avoid the product discrepancy due to dimensional discrepancy. Thermoplastics Plastics name Molding Shrinkage Rate (%) Plastics name Molding Shrinkage Rate (%) ABS 0.3 - 0.8 PBT 1.3 - 2.4 AS 0.2 - 0.7 PC 0.4 - 0.7 CA 0.3 - 0.8 PCTFE 0.2 - 2.5 CAB 0.4 - 0.5 PE 0.5 - 2.5 CAP 1 PET 2.0 - 2.5 CP 0.4 - 0.5 PES 0.5 - 1.0 EC 0.4 - 0.5 PMMA 0.2 - 0.8 EPS 0.4 POM 0.8 - 3.5 FEP 3.0 - 4.0 PP 1.0 - 2.5 FRP 0.1 - 0.4 PPO 0.5 - 0.7 EVA 0.5 - 1.5 PPS 0.6 - 1.4 HDPE 1.2 - 2.2 PS 0.2 - 1.0 HIPS 0.2 - 1.0 PVA 0.5 - 1.5 LCP 0.1 - 1.0 PVAC 0.5 - 1.5 LDPE 1.5 - 3.0 PVB 0.5 - 1.5 PA 0.6 - 2.5 Hard PVC 0.1 - 0.5 PA-6 0.5 - 2.2 Soft PVC 1.0 - 5.0 PA-66 0.5 - 2.5 PVCA 1.0 - 5.0 PA-610 1.2 PVDC 0.5 - 2.5 PA-612 1.1 PVFM 0.5 - 1.5 PA-11 1.2 SAN 0.2 - 0.6 PA-12 0.3 - 1.5 SB 0.2 - 1.0 PAR 0.8 - 1.0 Thermosetting Plastics Plastics name Molding Shrinkage Rate (%) Plastics name Molding Shrinkage Rate (%) EP 0.1 - 0.5 SP 0.0 - 0.5 MF 0.5 - 1.5 UF 0.6 - 1.4 PDAP 0.1 - 0.5 UP 0.1 - 1.2 PF 0.4 - 0.9 DAP 0.1 - 0.5 PU 0.6 - 0.8 BMC 0.0 - 0.2

What are the industries for application of frequently used plastics and what are the products? The scope of application of certain frequently used plastics: Material name English full name Molding conditions PVC (Faste Resin) Polyvinyl Chluride Faste Resin Artificial leather, dolls Silicone Rubber Silicone Rubber Transprinting plastics, heat resistance parts, conductive plastics ABS Acrylonitrile - Butadene - Styrene Electric: Electrical parts, shell of appliance, radio case. Machinery: Structural parts of machinery, metal product, dashboard. Construction: Display case, piping House ware: shell of house ware, stationery, container, vacuum cleaner parts. Others : Safety helmet, battery case, high grade toys and sporting goods. CA Cellulose Acetate Electric: Radio case, phone set. Machinery: Steering wheel, Vans of Electric fan. Construction: Coatings. House ware: film, recording tape, tool handle, umbrella handle, decoration, stationery. Others: glass frame, goods hard to combust. CAB Cellulose Acetate Butyionate Glass frame, tool handle, umbrella handle, decoration, stationary. CAP Cellulose Acetate Propionate Glass frame, tool handle, umbrella handle, decoration, stationery. CP Cellulose Propionate Glass frame, tool handle, umbrella handle, decoration, stationery. EP Epoxy Resin Bonds, mold material, construction materials, paint, insulating material, metal coatings, metal bond, tool and fixture, lining, laminating board. EPS Expanded Polystyrene Packing materials, insulating board, decoration board. EVA Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolyn Shoe bottom, inflatable toys, packing tape/film. FEP Telrafluorocthyleth /Fluorinated Ethylene Propyle/Polyhexaf Luropropylene Protective film, protective and lubricating spray, heat resisting parts. FR-PET Polybutylene Terephthalate Electronic / electric: breaker, rectifier, bobbin, outlet port of hair dryer, lampshade. Transportation: Electric Device components, splasher, brake handle. Industrial parts: Cooling fan, handle. HDPE High Density Polyethylene Toys, plastic bottle, Packing bag, shopping bag, water bucket, Electric wire, bin. HIPS 475 High Impact polystyrene Toys, house ware, radio case, TV shell. LDPE Low Density Polyethylene Packing bag, shopping bag, toys, plastic bottle, artificial flower, electric wire. MF Melamine Fomraldehyde Glass, tableware, decoration, electrical accessories and shell, Forma-Board, coating, bond, container, paper, and resin processing of cloth. M-PPE M-PPE Electronic / electrical: Connector, switch, timer shell, bobbin breaker, camera, rectifier shell. Automotive: Dashboard, back mirror shell, wheel cover, rear wind shield. Industrial parts : machine case, motor cover, water gauge. Novolac Resole Novolac or Resole, depends on the content of phenolic One side PCB PA Polyamide Transportation: Radiation fan, door knob, fuel tank cap, inlet grid, radiator protective cover, lamp stand. Electronic / Electric: appliance, connector, bobbin, timer protective cover, breaker, switch seat, wire lining, electrical parts Industrial parts, chair seat, bike wheel frame, skater base, textile shuttle, machine, pedal, pulley, electric tool, gear, bearing, mattress, cam. Textile: zipper, man-made fiber Construction: nylon sheet (agricultural use). House ware: comb, packing material, brush, house ware, sock, rope, tooth brush, clothe. Others: fishnet, gear, case, accessories, sporting goods, medical instrument. PAI Polymide Imide Auto parts: engine parts, bearing shoe. Electrical parts: CCL substrate, connection, microwave oven. Medical material: Light reflector PAR Polyarylate, U-Polymer Electronic / electric: electrical parts, appliance case, connector, electrical base seat, plug, switch. Auto parts: fuse cover, dashboard glass, lamp shade. Machine heating element: plastic pump. Sunglass lens, syringe. PBT Polybothlene Terephthalate Electric / Electronic: Electrical parts, machine parts, no-fuse breaker, electromagnetic switch, fly-back transformer, appliance handle, connector. Transportation: Door handle of car, bumper, distributor cover, splasher, lead protective cover, wheel cover. Industrial parts:OA fan, keyboard, fishing tackle, winder parts, lampshade. Others: sporting goods. PC Polycarbonate Electronic / electric: CD diskette, switch, appliance shell, signaling cylinder, electrical goods cover, electrical parts, coffee kettle, calculator parts, electrical parts. Transportation: bumper, distributor, safety glass. Industrial parts: camera body, machine case, safety helmet, dive glasses, safety lens, electrical tool shell, bullet proof glass, precision machinery parts, nut, gear, bearing. Construction: coating. Daily uses: house ware, film, juicer, hair dryer, milk bottle. Others: bond, safety helmet. PDAP or DAP Polydially Phthalate or Polyarylphthalate Transistor resistor, calculator, wall material, roof material, insulation tape. PE Polyethylene Electrical: Electro wave machine parts, electric wire lining. Machinery: mud splasher, packing. Construction: flexible hose. Daily supplies: packing materials, table ware, container, medicine vial, water tank, plastic bag. Others: toys, sundry goods PEEK Polyether Ether Ketone Electrical parts: connector, copier parts. Industrial parts: gear, valve, bearing, bearing sleeve, piston ring. Auto parts: piston shoe, bearing sleeve. Soft PV board, electrical wire, fiber optical cover, powder coating. PEI Polyetherimide Electrical parts: deck, connector, switch, IC deck, microwave oven, copier parts. Automotive: bearing for machine, bearing sleeve, sealing material. PES / PESF Polyether Sulfone Electrical parts, PV board, plug. Industrial parts: steam valve fitting, camera parts, dryer cap. Bearing sleeve of auto parts, cooling system. Valve for medical use / food, pipe fitting, sterilizer container, syringe, a artificial lung. PET Polyethylene Terephthalate Cider bottle, fiber, recording tape, magnetic tape, camera film, food container, cosmetic vial, medicine vial. PF Phenofic Electrical: socket, appliance case, electrical parts. Machinery parts: gear, brake lining. Daily uses: table ware, container, cooking utensil parts, smoke pipe. Others: bond, safety helmet, coating, mahjong. PI Polyimide Airplane, automobile, space adventure, atomic industry and electrical uses requiring high performance. PMMA Polyinethyl Methaorylate Electric: lighting equipment parts, transparent plastic sheet. Machinery: Wind shield glass, tail lamp. Construction: Sign board lamp seat, sign board. Daily uses: button, decoration, sunglass lens, stationery, lampshade, camera lens, mirror, imitation jewelry. Others: glasses, denture, optical parts, medical supplies. POM Polyfounoldehyde ResinPolyox Mothylene Resin Transportation: door knob, electrical window parts. Electronic /electric: washing machine, juicer parts, timer component, high grade insulation material. 3. Industrial parts: machinery parts, gear, handler, spring, pulley, clearing equipment parts, screw, metal substitute, elastic cam. 4. Daily supply: containers. Construction: Window Shade glider, various handle. Others: Toys, all kind of molded products. PP Polypropylene Auto parts and components. Electric: Electric insulation material, lining of electrical products, appliance. Machinery: Machine packing film. Construction: pipe. Daily supplies: bottle, basket/ rack, washing machine, zipper, belt, rope, bucket, container, food container, film, highly tough, h high temperature plastic bag, daily sundry. Others: packing plastic bag, toys, medical supply, and other molded items. PPO Polyphenylene Oxide Computer / OA machine case, electronic parts, electrical switch. PPS Polyphenylene Sulfide Ether Auto parts: valve, electronic control parts. Electrical parts: VCR, connector, coils. Plastic pump. Flexible le PCB material. PS General Purpose Polystyrene Electric: radio case, TV cabinet, insulating material Machinery: tail lamp, cold store wall. Construction: louver, heat insulating material, signboard sound proofing board, ceiling board, wall material. Daily supplies: cup, toys, stationery, daily supplies, container, boxes, tooth brush, comb, ball pen. Others: baby carriage, soft mattress. PSF Polysulfone Electrical parts: connector, coil, PC substrate. Automobile, airplane parts, fuse line, lighting fixture, electrical parts. Precision machine parts, watch shell, camera parts Food machine parts: diary machine, refrigerating / de-frost machine parts, hot water switch. Medical: Denture, syringe, artificial heart. PTFE Polyterafluorethylene Electric: high grade insulating material, insulating pipe, electric wire, electrical parts. Machinery: bearing, conveyor parts, packings. Construction: UL resisting construction equipment. Others: chemical resisting molded products. PU or PUR Polyurethane Shoe sole, chair mat, artificial leather, paint, buffer material, heat insulating material, synthetic leather, bond, coating, bed equipment, bath sponge. PVA Polyvinyl Alcohol Electrical: wire lining. Machinery: lining diaphragm for safety key. Construction: safety glass coating. Daily supplies: synthetic fiber, bond, plastic sheet. Others: Akalynated PVA can be used for soil improving agent. PVAC Polyvinyl Acetate Machinery: belt. Construction: coating, floor, safety glass. Daily supplies: work shit, sock, plastic glove. Other: material of PVAL, material of chewing gum, bond. PVDC Polyvinylindene Chloride Machinery: car mattress. Construction: insect preventing net, furniture cover film. Daily supplies: Humidity preventing paper, tent, record foam, soft water pipe, food packing. Others: fishnet, foam, chemical resisting molding products. PVC Polyvinyl Chluride Straight Resin Electrical: electric wire lining, electric wire pipe insulation material, tape, electric wire. Machinery: car mattress, chemical plant piping, car parts. Construction: water pipe, flexible hose, hard pipe, window frame, board, floor, roof material, heat -insulating material. Daily supply: handbag, belt, plastic shoe, table cloth, transparent bottle, telephone set. Other: Blowing cylinder, shoe, plastic bottle, toy, agricultural film, coating, tablet packing. SAN Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolym Tableware, daily supplies, transparent decoration. SP or SI Silicone Plastics Submersible motor, oil-less hydraulic unit, de-mold agent, lubricant, packing, water-proof agent, bubble killer, form material, bond. TPE (TPR) Thermoplastic Elastomers (Thermoplastic Rubber) Auto parts/ supply: oil seal, piping, electrical wire and cable lining, medical supply. TPU Thermoplastic Polyurethane Leather industry: bond, flexible fiber, bio-medical material, rubber modifier. UF Urea Fomraldehyde Table ware, decoration, electrical parts, wiring equipment, telephone transceiver, auto parts, plywood, bond, coating, button. Container, mahjong kit, dial plate, chopstick, button, bottle cap. UP Unsaturated Polyester Decoration, glass manufactured goods, (such as submarine, car outer shell, structure material, building material, auto parts, car body, roof material, button, safety helmet, medicine cylinder.

What are the molding conditions of various commonly-used plastic materials? The molding conditions of some plastic materials are listed in the following tables: Material name English full name Molding conditions ABS Acrylonitrile - Butadene - Styrene Select suitable runners and gates according to fluidity. Select suitable melting conditions for corresponding gate positions. Since molding with high pressure, the retreat inclination shall be at least 2°. Molding shrinkage shall be about 0.5%. Normally used for electroplating. The items to be noted are:(1)High barrel temperature about 220°C - 250°C (2) Injection heating shall be slow (with two stage pressurizing), injection pressure shall be low;(3) Do not use mold releasing agent; (4) shall not have retraction sink and flow mark of soldering line; (5)product shall not have scratch on the surface. Heating temperature 180 - 290°C, mold temperature 50 - 80°C. Barrel temperature 200 - 230°C, injection material temperature 200 - 240°C, injection pressure 700 - 1500kg/cm2, lowest operating temperature 260°C. Use hot air dryer at drying temperature of 80 - 100°C for 2 - 4 hours ( under 0.3%). Barrel first stage temperature is 220 - 240°C, and 2nd stage 210 - 240°C, 3rd stage is 180 - 230°C, 4th stage is 150 - 180°C, mold surface temperature is 50 - 90°C, injection pressure is 500 - 2100kg/cm2. Temperature setting: Nozzle 203 - 295°C, Front stage 220 - 295°C, mid stage 210 - 290°C, rear stage 180 - 210°C; screw rpm 70 - 150rpm, mold temperature 10 - 80°C, pressure keeping 30 - 60%, back pressure 100 - 250kg/cm2. Density 1.04 - 1.06g/cc, distortion temperature 82 - 122°C, molding retraction 0.4 - 0.8%, specific gravity 1.0 - 1.2, linear expansion coefficient 0.00006 - 0.00013/°C, molding shrinkage rate 0.3 - 0.8%, thermo distortion temperature 66 - 107°C (88 - 113°C). AS(SAN) Styrene-Acrylonitrile For molded product with the risk of cracking, watch product design. In special condition, use 1°or more retreat inclination. Note, the mold shall not have sink portion. Molding shrinkage rate is about 0.45%, heating temperature 170 - 310°C. Use hot air dryer for 2-3 hours (under 0.1%). Drying temperature 80 - 100°C, barrel temperature 180 - 290°C. Temperature setting: Nozzle 205 - 240°C, front stage 190 - 235°C, mid stage 180 - 230°C and rear stage 180 - 210°C ; screw rpm 70 - 150rpm, mold temperature 35 - 80°C, injection pressure 700 - 2300kg/cm2, pressure keeping 30 - 60%, back pressure 100 - 200kg/cm2. Linear expansion coefficient 0.00006 - 0.00008/°C, molding shrinkage rate 0.2 - 0.7%, thermo distortion temperature 91 - 93°C (88 - 99°C), TG 125°C, Conductive coefficient 0.0003cal.cm.s.sm/°C, density 1.06 - 1.08g/cm3, tensile strength 650 - 800kgf/cm2, elongation 2 - 3%, elasticity coefficient 32000 - 37000 kgf/cm2, 2.1 - 3.2kgf.cm/cm, Rockwell hardness M80, transparent. Water absorption 0.2 - 0.3%. CA Cellulose Acetate Material shall be pre-dried at drying temperature of 75 - 80°C, for 2-6 hours. Sp/ Gravity 1.29. Molding shrinkage rate about 0.5%. Heating temperature 170 - 265°C, mold temperature 20 - 80°C. CAB Cellulose Acetate Butyionate Heating temperature 170 - 265°C, mold temperature 20 - 80°C. Drying temperature 75 - 80°C, Drying time 2 - 6 hours. CP Cellulose Propionate Heating temperature 170 - 265°C, Mold temperature 20 - 80°C. EVA Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolyn Temperature setting: Nozzle 185°C, front stage 166°C, mid-stage 160°C, rear stage 150°C ; screw max. rpm, mold temperature 35 - 45°C, back pressure 10kg. Barrel temperature 150 - 180°C, nozzle 150°C, 1st stage 150°C, 2nd stage 140°C, 3rd stage 120°C. Mold temp. 30 - 40°C ¸ injection pressure 600 - 800kg/cm2, molding shrinkage rate 0.7 - 2%, drying temp. 40 - 50°C, drying time 2 - 4 hours. FR-PET Polybutylene Terephthalate UL long time heat endurance 140°C, thermal distortion temperature 225°C. Slow crystallization speed, drying and molding conditions are demanding. Drying: 140°C 3 hours or 120°C 5 - 8hours Injection temperature: 235°C - 250°C Mold temperature: 40°C - 80°C. HDPE High Density Polyethylene Temperature setting:Nozzle 210°C, front stage 200°C, mid stage:200°C, rear stage 195°C, screw rpm 140rpm¸back pressure 15kg. Linear expansion coefficient 0.00010 - 0.00013/°C, molding shrinkage rate 1.2 - 5.0 %, specific gravity 0.93 - 0.97 thermal distortion temperature 43 - 49°C (60 - 82°C). Barrel temperature 160 - 310°C, nozzle temperature 190°C, 1st stage 190°C, 2nd stage 180°C, 3rd stage 160°C, mold temp. 10 - 70°C, injection pressure 300 - 1400kg/cm2, molding shrinkage rate 1.5 - 5%. HIPS High Impact polystyrene Tem. Setting: Nozzle 220 - 240°C, front stage 210 - 230°C, mid stage 200 - 230°C, rear stage 190 - 215°C, screw rpm 135 - 215rpm, mold temperature 25°C, back pressure 5-10kg, sp. Gravity 1.05g/c.c. Linear expansion coefficient 0.000034 - 0.00021/°C, molding shrinkage rate 0.2 - 0.6%, thermo distortion temperature 96°C. LCP Type I Liquid Crystal Polymer Type I Density: 1.35 - 1.45g/cc, distortion temp. 198 - 310°C, molding shrinkage rate 0.1 - 1.4%. Fast solidification, resin temp. 390°C, mold temp. 120°C, injection pressure 400kg/cm2, fast injection speed, short molding time, pre-dry at 170°C for 3 hours, Fiberglass reinforce 85. LCP Type II Liquid Crystal Polymer Type II Density: 1.35 - 1.45g/cc, distortion temp. 198 - 310°C, molding shrinkage rate 0.1 - 1.0%. Fast solidification, resin temp. 300°C, mold temp. 100°C, injection pressure 400kg/cm2, fast injection speed, short molding time, pre-dry at 150°C for 4 hours, Fiberglass reinforce 170, fluidity 210. LCP Type III Liquid Crystal Polymer Type III Density: 1.35 - 1.45g/cc, distortion temp. 198 - 310°C, molding shrinkage rate 0.1 - 1.0%. Fast solidification, resin temp. 260°C, mold temp. 100°C, injection pressure 300kg/cm2, fast injection speed, short molding time, pre-dry at 140°C for 3 hours, Fiberglass reinforce 230. LDPE Low Density Polyethylene Temp. setting: Nozzle 140 - 190°C, front stage 140 - 200°C, mid stage 135 - 195°C, rear stage 130 - 180°C, screw rpm: 210 - 220rpm, mold temperature 10 - 70°C, barrel temp. 150 - 310°C, back pressure 5-10kg, mold temp. 30 - 50°C, Injection pressure 360 - 500kg/cm2. Linear expansion coefficient 0.00010 - 0.00020/°C, molding shrinkage 1.5 - 5.0%, specific gravity 0.91 - 0.93, thermal distortion temperature (38 - 49°C). PA Polyamide (Nylon) Injection temperature and drying temperature need be high, injection pressure and pressure keeping shall not be too high and too long, need high speed male mold injection, shall have air exhaustion path to prevent material burn, back pressure 50 - 150kg/cm2. Never place resin in molten barrel before it is dried, as it has high water absorption and easy to stuck in the screw groove and results difficulty in feeding. At forming, the nozzle is most likely being cooled, if injection pressure is increased when the nozzle is cooled, it is likely to break check valve, and hence the temperature at nozzle must be properly controlled. In order to prevent resin overflow due to feeding, it is better to employ controllable nozzle. When changing to other material for injection, it is necessary to note that the original nylon heating temperature is above 270°C, while normal material is only at about 200°C, so the molten barrel shall be heated to nylon heating temperature before injection, otherwise the check valve and the distribution could be broken. Care shall be given to the molding method for good effects. To avoid forming trim, precision mold shall be used. Use mold for industrial manufactured goods, when temperature is rising, watch the crystallization of molding material. Product design shall prevent sink and take account of dimensional stability. Molding shrinkage is about 1.5 - 2.5%. Nylon 6(PA6) heating temperature is 220 - 300°C, mold temperature 100 - 160°C, barrel temperature 200 - 260°C, injection material temp. 220 - 300°C, injection pressure 700 - 2000kg/cm2. Min. operation temp. 225°C, melting temp. 215°C, molding temp. 10 - 300°C, drying temp. 75 - 100°C for 2 - 6hours, use dehumidifying dryer, injection pressure 750 - 2000kg/cm2, barrel temp: 1st stage 230°C, 2nd stage 230°C, 3rd sage 220°C, 4th stage 210°C, mold surface temp. 25 - 70°C, linear expansion coefficient 0.000083/°C, molding shrinkage 0.6 - 2.1%, sp. Gravity 1.1 - 1.4, thermo distortion temp. 67 - 70°C (149 - 185°C). Nylon 66(PA66) heating temp is 250 - 380°C, mold temp. 30 - 100°C, barrel temp. 240 - 300°C, injection material temp. 250 - 310°C, injection pressure 600 - 2100kg/cm2, min. operating temp. 260°C, melting temp. 215°C, molding temp. 260 - 320°C, drying temp 80 - 90°C, needs 3 - 6 hours, use dehumidifying dryer. Linear expansion coefficient is 0.00008 - 0.00013/°C, molding shrinkage 1.3 - 2.4%, sp. Gravity, 1.1 - 1.4, thermo distortion temp. 66 - 86°C. Temp. setting: nozzle 235 - 265°C, front stage 235 - 245°C, mid stage 210 - 240°C, rear stage 195 - 230°C ; screw rpm 100 - 105rpm, mold temp. 35 - 40°C, back pressure 5-10kg. Density 0.94 - 1.14g/cc, distortion temp 35 - 121°C, molding shrinkage rate 0.7 - 2.5%. PAR Polyarylate, U-Polymer Density 1.17 - 1.31g/cc, distortion temp. 95 - 175°C, molding shrinkage rate 0.8 - 1.0%. Tg 190°C, fast solidification, resin temp 370°C, mold temp. 130°C, injection pressure, 1000kg/cm2, fast injection speed, molding time not specific, pre-drying 140°C for 6 hours, Fiberglass reinforce 35, fluidity 50. PBT Polybuzylene Terephthalate Molten barrel temperature should be controlled at 230 - 270°C, mold temp should set at 40°C - 90°C. To have good surface gloss, the temperature should be raised, when necessary, make sufficient pre-drying. Injection pressure required is about 500 - 1300kg/m2. Temp. setting: Nozzle 250°C, front stage 245°C, mid stage 235°C, rear stage 230°C, screw rpm: 80rpm, mold temperature 40 - 120°C, back pressure 10kg, barrel temp. 230 - 270°C, injection pressure 300 - 1000kg/cm2, drying temp. 100 - 140°C for 2 - 8 hours. Density 1.29 - 1.50g/cc, distortion temp 50 - 110°C, molding shrinkage rate 1.3 - 2.4%, sp. Gravity 1.3 - 1.6. PC Polycarbonate High injection pressure, so when the barrel temperature is too high or staying for too long, it is easy to result heat decomposition, color change or reduce property, check mold temperature basis 85°C - 120°C. Particularly difficult to mold of thick products, as it is easy to have residual stress in the product and cause break at later stage. It is better to employ powder silicone for mold releasing, do not use liquid releaser. Molding needs high temperature and high pressure, needs screw-molding shuttle. Material needs sufficient pre-drying. Gate and runner designs shall have smaller flow resistance. Molding product design shall have proximity thickness and avoid metal piece embedding. Retreat inclination shall be above 2°. Molding shrinkage rate 0.4 - 0.7%, sp. Gravity 1.2 - 1.5. Heating temp. 260 - 320°C, mold temp. 80 - 120°C, barrel temp 260 - 310°C, injection material temp. 280 - 320°C, injection pressure 800 - 1500kg/cm2, min operating temp. 260°C. Use dehumidifying dryer at drying temp. of 105 - 120°C (below 0.02 - 0.03%)for 2 - 4 hours. Barrel temp: 1st stage 260 - 270°C, 2nd sage 260 - 270°C, 3rd stage 240 - 250°C, 4th stage 220 - 230°C, mold surface temp. 40 - 60°C. Temp setting: Nozzle 275 - 305°C, front stage 270 - 275°C, mid stage 265 - 275°C, rear stage 250 - 270°C, screw rpm 50 - 115rpm, mold temperature 60 - 120°C, injection pressure 700 - 2100kg/cm2, back pressure 5-15kg. Density1 - 1.20g/cc, distortion temp. 120 - 146°C, linear expansion coefficient 0.000066/°C, thermal distortion temp 129 - 135°C (141°C). PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoethylene Shall design gate and runner of proper flow. Need high-pressure injection molding machine. Select molding conditions to prevent color change. Use rust-proof mold and material and implement surface treatment. Molding shrinkage rate about 0.5%. PE Polyethylene HDPE has apparent crystallization temp. better to increase injection speed. Increasing injection speed is especially important for thick product; it will improve the surface gloss of product, preventing distortion and reduce molded product shrinkage. Screw design and reverse check device need be accurate especially. Any damage or scratch will cause gradual slowdown in feeding (due to reverse of resin will reduce the quantity injected to mold and molten material flow back to metering porting will cause newly arrived material to stay and fail the cycle, and the product will not be tough enough, high shrinking and high defective products). Mold design shall allow for fast material filling. Cool in even-cooling manner Screw molding model is better. Good fluidity. Need no high injection speed. Pressure is better be 30 - 60% longer. Product shrinkage rate is 2.5%, right angle direction is 2.0%. Product design shall be able to prevent distortion, deformation. AT low pressure, heating temp. 140 - 300°C, mold temp. 30 - 65°C ; at high pressure. Heating temp 150 - 300°C, mold temp. 50 - 70°C. HDPE barrel temp. 210°C, may switch off power for later first stage injection material temp. Injection pressure is 500 - 1500kg/cm2, min. operating temp. 180°C. Drying temp is 85°C, need 1 hour Barrel temperature: 1st stage 220 - 240°C, 2nd stage 200 - 220°C. 3rd stage 180 - 190°C, 4th stage 160 - 170°C, mold surface temperature 30 - 70°C. Temperature setting: nozzle 210 - 265°C, front stage 200 - 255°C, mid stage 200 - 250°C, rear stage 190 - 240°C, screw rpm 110 - 140rpm, mold temp. 45 - 50°C, back pressure 150 - 250kg/cm2. Density 0.91 - 0.97g/cc,distortion temp. 32 - 95°C, molding shrinkage rate 0.5 - 2.5%. PEEK Polyether Ether Ketone Density 1.30 - 1.45g/cc,distortion temp 151 - 300°C, molding shrinkage rate 1.0%. Melting point 334°C, Tg 134°C, Fast solidification, resin temperature 400°C, mold temp. 180°C, injection pressure 1000kg/cm2, fast injection, long molding time, pre-drying 150°C, needs 3 hours 3, fiberglass reinforce 30, fluidity 55. PES/PESF Polyether Sulfone Density 1.24 - 1.37g/cc, distortion temp. 174 - 214°C, molding shrinkage 0.5 - 1.0%. Tg 225°C, resin temperature 370°C, mold temp. 160°C, injection pressure 900kg/cm2, injection speed not specific, molding time not specific, pre-drying temp 150°C, for 3 hours, fiberglass reinforce 55, fluidity 70. PET Polyethylene Terephthalate Temperature setting:nozzle 280 - 295°C, front stage 270 - 275°C, mid-stage 265 - 275°C, rear stage 250 - 270°C, screw rpm 50 - 100rpm, mold temperature 30 - 85°C, non=crystalline mold temp. 70°C or less, back pressure 5-15kg. Use dehumidifying dryer, barrel temp. 240 - 280°C, injection pressure 500 - 1400°C, injection molding temp 260 - 280°C ¸ drying temp 120 - 140°C, for 2 - 5hours. PI Polyimide Density 1.16 - 1.64g/cc, distortion temp. 278 - 380°C. Melting point 388°C, Tg 250°C, fast solidification, resin temp. 410°C, mold temp. 200°C, injection pressure 800kg/cm2, injection speed not specific, molding time not specific, pre-drying at 200°C for hours, molding shrinkage 1.6%, glass fiber reinforce 40, fluidity 75. PMMA Polymethyl Methacrylate This material is characterized with its toughness, poor flow, should be molding at low temperature, rpm shall be low to keep the barrel from occurring temperature rise. Gate and nozzle orifice shall be enlarged when designing. Molding of acrylic is of technical molding, it needs clean room to shield off dust, and the hopper shall be clean. Care in handling mold and shall wear white glove. Ordinary type: Barrel temp. 180 - 240°C, injection pressure 750 - 2400kg/cm2, mold temp. 40 - 70°C, drying temp. 70 - 75°C (below 0.1 - 0.2%) for 4 hours, shrinkage rate 0.4 - 0.8. Heat resisting type: Barrel temp. 220 - 260°C, injection pressure 750 - 2400kg/cm2, mold temp. 40 - 70°C, drying temp 70 - 75°C (to under 0.1 - 0.2%) for 4 hours, with shrinkage 1.1 - 1.2. Drying temp. 80°C for 3 - 4 hours, barrel temp: 1st stage 200 - 220°C, 2nd stage 190 - 220°C, 3rd stage 170 - 200°C, 4th stage 150 - 180°C, mold surface temp. 20 - 90°C. Temp. setting: nozzle 185 - 215°C, front stage 190 - 200°C, mid stage, 175 - 190°C, rear stage 170 - 190°C, screw rpm 80 - 200rpm, mold temp. 30 - 80°C, inject with high pressure, pressure keeping to 2-3 min. back pressure 150 - 400kg/cm2. Density 1.14 - 1.20g/cc, distortion temp. 76 - 116°C, molding shrinkage 0.2 - 0.8%. Linear expansion coefficient 0.00005 - 0.00009/°C, thermal distortion temperature 68 - 99°C (74 - 107°C). POM Polyacetal, Polyoxy Methylene Should be careful about the temperature management at molding. POM material shall not stay for long time in molten barrel, or it may be overheating and turn yellowish. Dense gas after melting, likely to corrode nozzle and flange. It is suggested to use best material there. Heating temp. 190 - 220°C, mold temp. 80 - 120°C, material barrel temp 170 - 225°C, injecting material temp. 190 - 210°C, injection pressure 800 - 1500kg/cm2, pressure keeping subject to the products. Min operation temp. 180°C. Use hot air dryer at drying temp of 100 - 120°C for 1 - 4 hours. Barrel temp are: 1st stage 190 - 215°C, 2nd stage 195 - 215°C, 3rd stage 180 - 205°C, 4th stage 150 - 180°C, mold surface temp. 60 - 120°C. Temp setting Nozzle 185 - 215°C, front stage 190 - 200°C, mid stage 175 - 190°C, back stage 170 - 190°C, screw rpm 80 - 200rpm, mold temp. 30 - 80°C, injection molding temp 195 - 250°C, injection pressure 700 - 1500kg/cm2, back pressure 100 - 200kg/cm2. Density 1.30 - 1.45g/cc, distortion temp. 70 - 125°C, molding shrinkage 0.8 - 2.0%, sp. Gravity 1.4 - 1.6, linear expansion coefficient 0.000081/°C. PP Polypropylene Resin PP material will deteriorate around 280°C, so the heating temperature is best be under 270°C. It has high molecular orientation, when molding at low temp, it is easy to distort or twist due to molecular orientation. Use high pressure molding machine for molding at high pressure. Retreat inclination may be made larger. Runner and gate shall design per fluidity. Care about material temp and mold modes. Molding shrinkage is about 0.35%, heating temp 180 - 300°C, mold temp 20 - 80°C, barrel temp 220 - 270°C, injection temp 210 - 280°C, injection pressure 400 - 1000kg/cm2, min operating temp 200°C. Gate design must care about the adhesion of molded product. Product design shall prevent sinking and deformation, molding shrinkage is about 0.8 - 1.5%. use hot air dryer at drying temp of 60 - 90°C for 1 hour, barrel temp: 1st stage 240 - 250°C, 2nd stage 190 - 250°C, 3rd stage 170 - 230°C, 4th stage 150 - 210°C, mold surface temp 20 - 60°C. Temp setting: nozzle 200 - 220°C, front stage 190 - 215°C, mid stage 190 - 210°C, rear stage 185 - 200°C, screw rpm from 120 to max. mold temp. 20 - 70°C, injection pressure 700 - 1800°C, pressure keeping extremely long 30 - 70%, back pressure 120 - 200kg/cm2. Density 0.90 - 0.91g/cc,sp. Gravity 0.9 - 0.92, linear expansion coefficient 0.000058 - 0.0001/°C, molding shrinkage 1.0 - 2.5%, thermal deformation temp 57 - 63°C (96 - 110°C). PPS Polyphenylene Sulfide Ether Density 1.34 - 1.40g/cc, distortion temp 110 - 265°C, molding shrinkage 0.4 - 1.4%. Barrel temp. 290 - 360°C, injection pressure 500 - 1400kg/cm2, mold temp. 120 - 150°C, injection molding temp 300 - 370°C. melting point 288°C, Tg 90°C, solidification fast, resin temp 320°C, mold temp 150°C, injection pressure 600kg/cm2, injection speed fast, short molding time, pre-drying at 140°C for 3 hours, molding shrinkage 1.6%, glass fiber reinforce 100. Use hot air dryer at drying temp 130 - 150°C for 2 - 3 hours. Use dehumidifying dryer at drying temp of 120 - 140°C for 2 - 4hours. PS Polystyrene Rather easy to mold. When ejecting from mold, care about break. Select suitable open/close mechanism. If product has possibility of break, careful about product design. Under special circumstances, use 1° or more retreat inclination, watch the mold, not to allow sinking portion. Molding shrinkage is about 0.45%. Normally heating temp is 160 - 310°C, mold temp 40 - 70°C, impact resisting type heating temp is 180 - 310°C, mold temp is 40 - 70°C. Use hot air dryer with drying temp at 60 - 80°C for 1 - 2 hours, barrel temp 180 - 260°C 1st stage 190 - 215220 - 240°C, 2nd stage 210 - 240°C, 3rd stage 180 - 230°C, 4th stage 150 - 180°C, mold surface temp 10 - 70°C, need 2hours. Temp setting: nozzle 190 - 225°C, front stage 180 - 225°C, mid-stage 160 - 220°C, rear stage 150 - 200°C, screw rpm 70 - 160rpm, mold temp. 20 - 80°C, back pressure 10 - 20kg. Density 1.04 - 1.06g/cc, distortion temp 65 - 106°C, molding shrinkage 0.4 - 0.8%, sp gravity 1.0 - 1.1. Flowing length 200 - 500L/t, linear expansion coefficient 0.00005 - 0.000083/°C, Tg 85 - 110°C, load bending temp 68 - 105°C (50 - 95°C), Conduction coefficient 0.0003cal.cm.s.sm/°C, density 1.03 - 1.05g/cm3, tensile strength 350 - 550kgf/cm2, elongation 1.2 - 3.6%, elastic coefficient 22000 - 32000 kgf/cm2, 2.1 - 3.2kgf.cm/cm, impact strength 1.9 - 2.4kgf.cm/cm, Rockwell hardness M60 - 84, transparent, water absorption rate 0 - 0.03%. PSF Polysufone Use dehumidifying dryer at heating temp 340 - 400°C, mold temp 160 - 200°C, drying temp. 80 - 160°C, drying time 3 - 4 hours. Density 1.24 - 1.30g/cc, deformation temp164 - 190°C, molding shrinkage 0.15 - 0.9%. Tg 189°C, fast solidification, resin temp 350°C, mold temp 130°C, injection pressure 900kg/cm2, injection speed not specific, molding time not specific, fiberglass reinforce 30, fluidity 45. Barrel temp 330 - 360°C, nozzle temp 330°C, 1st stage 330°C, 2nd stage 320°C, 3rd stage 290°C, mold temp 95 - 100°C, injection pressure 700 - 1000kg/cm2, molding shrinkage 0.7%. PTFE Polyterafluorethylene Heating temp 260 - 340°C, mold temp. 100 - 160°C. Tg 19°C, copper foil shearing resistance 7.1 lb/in, board Z-axis expansion coefficient 73ppm/°C, dimensional stability 0.8%,, molding easiness 25%. Low Tg, too soft under ambient temp. PU or PUR Polyurethane Use dehumidifying dryer at drying temp of 90°C for 1 - 4 hours, mold temp 80 - 100°C. Barrel temp 180 - 240°C, density 1.14g/cm2, shrinkage 0.6 - 0.8%, water absorption rate 0.02%, material barrel best be small to medium, molten resin gauge pressure 60 - 80kg/cm2, compression ratio 2.2 - 2.5:1, L/D ratio 18 - 20. PVAC Polyvinyl Acetate Heating temp 120 - 200°C, mold temp 20 - 55°C PVC Polyvinly Chloride Barrel internal temp should be heating at 170-l90°C, shall avoid heating at higher than 200°C, mold temp at 50 -60°C. Material staying time should be short, feed at slowest to keep the barrel from temperature rise. Inject at slow speed to purge air out of mold. Mold should have large air-exhausting hole, screw shall be electroplated, no need of reverse check device. Nozzle orifice should be large, each injection made to the bottom. When stop operation, reduce the temp slowly till defective products are appeared, to shot out all the idled material. Material temp control is rather important, better with screw molding machine. Gate and runner design shall allow least flow resistance. Mold should have corrosion resistance surface treatment. Heating temp. 149 - 213°C, mold temp. 50 - 70°C, material barrel temp 165 - 185°C, injection material temp 175 - 195°C, injection pressure 1000 - 2800kg/cm2, min operating temp 165°C. Use hot air dryer. Barrel temp is 150 - 190°C for 1 - 4 hours, drying temp is 80 - 100°C, Barrel temp: 1st stage 180 - 200°C, 2nd stage 180 - 200°C, 3rd stage 160 - 180°C, 4th stage 140 - 160°C, mold surface temp. 20 - 600°C. Temp setting: nozzle 185°C, front stage 180°C, mid-stage 175°C, rear stage 165°C, screw rpm 60rpm, mold temp 25 - 70°C. Density 1.1 - 1.6g/cc, distortion temp 55 - 100°C, molding shrinkage 0.1 - 0.5,1 - 5%,Linear expansion coefficient 0.00005 - 0.000185/°C, molding shrinkage 0.1 - 0.5%, thermal distorting temp 57 - 74°C (82°C). PVDC Polyvinylindene Chloride Heating temp. 150 - 200°C, mold temp. 50 - 70°C. SAN Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolym Heating temp. 170 - 290°C, mold temp 40 - 80°C. TPU Thermoplastic Polyurethane Need sufficient drying before molding, water content best be less than 0.03. Use of recycle material is best being no more than 25% of total. Adding BS/PVC can improve TPU's fluidity or Property, but shall not exceed 15% of total. When changing color, Pp/LDPE may be used to clean barrel. Shrinkage rate is about 0.3-0.8%, increase mold gate diameter at injection, extend pressure keeping time and increase injection pressure and reduce mold temperature can improve product shrinkage.

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